It’s serving more than 25,000 users on various niches: Share Prefix to custom slug, default slug is dearflip-ĭearFlip is available on various platforms.Global Settings – Control settings for all flipbook at once.More Popup – Open flipbook using buttons, links and custom HTML or images too.PDF links – you can test your PDF links without premium version using our online PDF Flipbook Viewer.Partial loading (on-demand pages) make using 500MB files load and start with just 5MB of data.Supports any number of pages, more than 1000 pages and 500MB.RTL mode to Arabian and RTL mode languages.Multiple flipbook shortcode to display multiple books.Deep linking to pages of a flipbook via share button.Basic Popup: Display flipbook on demand, best for multiple flipbook in a single page.Embedded inline flipbook: is the default structure to display flipbook.Easy WordPress Post structure to create flipbook and shortcode to display flipbook.Reliable 2D flipbook that works on low-end devices too, and are used as fallback.Realistic 3D flipbook powered by modern WebGL technology. Publish and 3D Flipbook is ready to flip on your page!.Copy the shortcode and paste to your page.Provide a link to your PDF and save the post.It’s easy and simple just like creating a post. DearFlip follows WordPress post structure for creating and managing 3D flipbooks. WordPress is famous for its easy to learn and use structure. There is a reason why websites are not text based, they are colorful, interactive – CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT. If you are selling an idea, product, work, portfolio – it’s best suited when you present it rather than list it. Traditional document layout doesn’t cut it! Scrolling a PDF to read the content is not the best method when the content is more about presentation. Presentation Matters! The main idea of an online flipbook is customer engagement. Image Flipbook are your virtual Albums, flip, share and enjoy your photos, portfolios with the world. Image Flipbook – Got images that you want to display? Why not create a story book out of your images and share your experience with ALBUMS.It’s our official recommended file format for a 3D flipbook. Updating a PDF flipbook or creating it is just about the link to the PDF file, no further hassle. They are rendered using PDF.js library and are very convenient to use and manage. PDF Flipbook – What makes the easy-to-use PDFs better? It’s a 3D PDF Flipbook! PDF flipbooks are very easy to create and use.Use 2D flipbook for faster loading and in cases where 3D is not preferred, like low-end devices. The famous variant before the 3D flipbook is still a worthy alternative. 2D Flipbook – Old is gold! 2D flipbook uses CSS and HTMl5 tags to create a flippable and interactive flipbook.3D Flipbook is our pride and soon will be yours. All high-tech complex work happens behind the scenes, while your customers enjoy your PDF content with delight. DearFlip converts your flat images and PDFs to interactive and real life books with the help of cutting edge WebGL technology. 3D Flipbook – Best look your PDFs and images can get. WordPress Flipbook Pro Version DearFlip 3D Flipbook and it’s variations Important Notice: DearFlip (also known as dFlip) is now sold on instead of Create a 3D flipbook, make your PDFs interactive and generate more customer attention. DearFlip’s easy post structure makes it easy to create a flipbook inside WordPress. BRING LIFE TO YOUR PDFs!ĭearFlip is a stunning 3D flipbook alternative for your flat lifeless PDFs. All you need to add is the PDF link and your PDF will come alive as a realistic 3D Flipbook. It’s the simplest way to create a flipbook in WordPress – 3D flipbook, 2D flipbook, image flipbook, pdf flipbook, portfolio flipbook. When impression matters, don’t settle with Flat PDFs! DearFlip is an easy to use 3D flipbook WordPress plugin for every website and PDF.
0 Comments
To help ensure that you can open files in these new formats, Microsoft has developed a Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint File Formats. In short, given that Bronze Lounger and BruceR know much more about MS Office software than I do, I remain somewhat confused about whether and why my special situation (no older MS Office programs or viewers installed) needs to have Compatibility Packs.Ĭompatibility Pack for the Word, Excel, and PowerPoint File Formats If that is true, then with viewers but without Compatibility Packs, I should be able to read not only MS Office documents created by the latest (2013) MS Office software, but also MS Office documents created by previous MS Office software. To me, BruceR’s second clause in his “Compatibility Packs allow newer formats to be opened with older programs, not older formats to be opened with newer programs” means that means that Compatibility Packs are not needed to open documents created with older (pre-2013) MS Office programs.Īnd that implies that the latest (2013) viewers DO open older formats as well as the latest formats. I wondered even more strongly when I read BruceR’s later statement that “Compatibility packs allow newer formats to be opened with older programs, not older formats to be opened with newer programs,” because my new laptop doesn’t have any MS Office programs installed, and therefore my new laptop doesn’t have any older MS programs installed. Therefore, when I read BruceR’s statement that I “also need to download and install the Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint File Formats” I wondered why he thought I needed to do that. downtown Bronze Lounger (Post #3) and BruceR WS Lounge VIP (Post #4) for confirming that I did download the latest viewers (which would view documents created by MS Office 2013).īut when I read Bronze Lounger’s post that said “Compatibility pack is for earlier versions of MS Office so they can open and edit more recently created Office document formats like docx and xlsx, etc.,” I concluded that I didn’t need Compatibility Packs since my new laptop does not have any Microsoft Office software installed, and therefore my new laptop does not have any “earlier versions of MS Office” installed. Thanks to jwitalka Super Moderator (Post #2) for moving my initial post and hence this thread to General productivity, and to F.U.N. The links from that page are to the same download pages you found by searching. No Office Compatibility packs allow newer formats to be opened with older programs, not older formats to be opened with newer programs. How to open new file formats in earlier versions of Microsoft Office “The Office Compatibility Pack can also be used together with Microsoft Office Word Viewer 2003, Excel Viewer 2003, and PowerPoint Viewer 2003 to view files that are saved in the new file formats.” Yes, but you also need to download and install the Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint File Formats An alternative to the Microsoft website above was, but after reading it I was not confident that its links would get me the latest viewers. Thanks for any comments, suggestions, or help. Am I correct in thinking that those are useful only if someone sends me a document (be it Word, Excel, or PowerPoint) that is in a pre-2013 version, or even is in an ancient version that Microsoft no longer supports? My second question is: The locations from which I downloaded the viewers also urged me to download and install Compatibility Packs. My first question is: Did I really download the latest viewers, capable of reading MS 2013 documents? (The word “Latest?” of course is my reminder that I’m not sure I have the latest viewers.) That site’s items 3, 4, and 5 gave me a link to each: So after doing a Google search for “Latest Microsoft Office Viewers” (without the quotes) I came up with several Microsoft viewer websites, but the one that I thought was most likely to provide viewers for the latest Office documents was WordPerfect 圆 can open and even edit these Word documents and probably Excel documents, but I would rather have an independent Microsoft viewer look at them first, before anything gets edited. But from time to time someone sends me a Microsoft Office Document: usually MS Word, but sometimes MS Excel, and occasionally MS PowerPoint. My “Office” program is not Microsoft, but instead is WordPerfect Office 圆. I am using Win7sp1 on a new Dell 64-bit laptop. I have downloaded viewers for MS Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, but I have not yet installed them because I am not sure they are the latest viewers, capable of viewing documents created by the latest MS Office programs, which I think are dated 2013. The game quickly became a hit and sold thousands of copies.įollowing the success of the game, many copycats and clones have appeared. Man-Jongg gained popularity after the release of Shanghai Mahjong on Atari ST and Macintosh systems in 1986. Despite the name similarity, the two games have very little in common and are played differently. Mah-Jongg was inspired by the competitive board game popular in China and other parts of Asia named Mahjong. The first version of Mahjong Solitaire was developed in 1981 by Brodie Lockard for the PLATO system and was named Mah-Jongg. A big stack of tiles can be hard to remove at the end of the game, so getting rid of them at the start is a good idea. This way you increase the number of possible tiles to play in the next move.įocus on first removing tiles from the top-most layer. How do you choose? Remove the pair that will unlock more tiles first. Often, during the game, you will have a situation when you have an option to remove many different pairs. The tiles won’t go anywhere, and by keeping tiles on the board, you guarantee that you will be able to unlock another pair later in the game. If you see only one pair of open tiles, don’t remove them immediately and leave them for later. Order in which you remove tiles can greatly impact whether you will get the locked position. While mahjong is a relatively easy and relaxing game, there are some things you might want to look out for if you want to win more games. Use that knowledge to your advantage to predict what tiles might be hidden under the stack. Each pair appears exactly twice in the game. In our version, all puzzles have 144 tiles and 72 pairs. The number of tiles differs from one version of Mahjong to another and ranges from 136 to 144 tiles. If you end up in that situation, our game allows you to shuffle the board and continue or use the undo button to backtrack your moves one by one. Collect all the stars to become a Mahjong champion! Locked PositionĪlthough all puzzles generated by our game can be solved, you might choose the wrong pair of tiles at some point during the game, leading to a locked position, meaning that there are no more tiles to play. Upon winning the game, you are rewarded a star for solving the puzzle you were playing. There is no time limit, but if you’d like more challenge, you can enable the timer feature in the settings. You win the game when all tiles are removed. Feel free to use a hint or shuffle button if you can’t find any. We recommend starting your first game with the classic Turtle layout.īegin by looking for two open tiles that can be removed. Our game offers you more than a hundred original layouts to solve. The shape of the puzzle significantly impacts the game’s difficulty, and some puzzles will be easier to solve than others. When the game starts, tiles get arranged into a pyramid-like shape with multiple layers stacked on one another, usually forming some figure. Tile can slide out to the left or right.įind examples in our detailed guide on how to play Mahjong Solitaire. It is not blocked on either of its horizontal sides.It is not blocked by other tiles above it.Any season tile can be matched with any other season tile and any flower tile with any other flower tile.Īnother important rule to mahjong is that you can only remove open tiles. Season and flower tiles are an exception to this rule. The same applies to dragon and wind suits. For example, you can match the Bamboo 2 tile with another Bamboo 2 tile but not with Bamboo 3 or any other suit. You are allowed to match tiles that are of the same suit and rank. Season and flower tiles are an exception we’ll look at them in a second. There are 9 ranks for circle, bamboo, and symbol tiles, 3 ranks for dragons, and 4 ranks for winds. There are in total 7 suits: circles, bamboo, symbols, dragons, winds, flowers, and seasons. Similarly to card games, in Mahjong, tiles are assigned a suit and a rank. Like in any puzzle game, there are some rules the game follows to make it more interesting. You continue to remove tiles until there are no more left, at which point you win the game. When two tiles are removed, they disappear from the screen and unlock more previously blocked tiles. The game’s goal is to remove tiles from the screen by matching tiles with identical images. The game’s goal is to remove all the gaming pieces, called tiles, from the board by matching tiles with identical images. Mahjong, also known as Mahjong Solitaire, is a single-player, tile-matching puzzle game.
We’ve included this table of contents that you can include at the start of your binder, which will help you organize your recipes more effectively. Whether you love pasta, cakes, pies, seafood, or beef, there is the perfect place in your planner for your favorite meal types and recipes. You’ll find 12 sections for the main recipe categories for you to store and organize your favorite recipes. It’s a great planner for anyone who likes to meal plan, with daily and weekly meal planners built right in. Full-size recipe card pages in two styles (with or without a picture).12 Sections by Meal Type with a list of up to 50 recipes per section.This recipe binder has been designed to be easily printed on your home printer. See what’s included in this recipe binder Recipe binders also hold full-size recipe printouts or recipes with full instructions and photos of dishes, whereas recipe cards only have enough space for the basics of a recipe, such as the key ingredients and simple directions. Having a recipe binder with all of your recipes organized together makes it really easy to prepare meals quickly such as meals for celebrations or special occasions! We all know that time is of the essence when preparing for a party, so make sure you don’t lose any of your precious time trying to source recipes for your next event. This is why using a recipe binder can be a much more efficient way of storing, organizing, and finding the recipes that you need. The traditional way of storing recipes is by using a recipe box full of recipe cards but it can be hard to find the recipe you need when thumbing through a box full of cards. With this recipe binder, you can have all of your recipes at your fingertips so that you can cook, bake, and make your favorite menu items anytime. It’s such a simple way to gather and store your favorite recipes, and best of all, it’s totally free!! This recipe binder features 36 useful pages, with space for up to 600 recipes, from 12 different meal types. Use it to write down your favorite recipes from your favorite food blogs and recipe books – or even recipes handed down through your family! If you love saving recipes, then this recipe binder is the perfect way to keep hundreds of recipes together in an easy-to-reach place. Whether that’s a recipe box full of recipe cards, a binder full of recipe printouts, or a digital recipe book on your tablet, having recipes stored together is a great way of being organized when it comes to mealtimes and your favorite dishes. Use this recipe binder to organize all of your favorite recipes, in one convenient place for free.Įvery kitchen should have a place where recipes are stored. In addition, three days prior to trial, the government will make available to the defendant all statements to which he is entitled under the Jencks Act, 18 U.S.C. 1953) (defendant not entitled to bill of particulars when the information sought is within his own knowledge). Because a sizeable portion of these documents belong to the defendant's company, he already has particular knowledge and expertise regarding the information contained in these documents. These documents contain information that connects the defendant to the alleged conspiracies. In addition, defendent will receive numerous telephone, fax and expense records that relate to the charged wire fraud conspiracy. 16, the government will make available to the defendant documents produced by his company, various co-conspirators and third parties, such as customers and suppliers, that relate to the charged price-fixing conspiracy. In this case, in addition to the detailed and clearly-worded indictment, the government will provide the defendant with sources of information under its general discovery obligations. 1987) (court considered whether the information requested had been provided elsewhere, including through discovery). 1983) (broad discovery can serve as a substitute for the "trial preparation" function of a bill of particulars). Rather, courts have taken into account other sources of information provided by the government, including discovery materials. In analyzing requests for a bill of particulars or information to be disclosed in one, courts have not confined themselves to the indictment or to the government's voluntary bill, if provided. Where the indictment itself and the bill of particulars supplied by the government provide the defendant with adequate information with which to conduct his defense, additional requests for particulars should be denied. See also Davis, 582 F.2d at 951 ("generalized discovery is not a permissible goal of a bill of particulars"). 962 (1979).Ī bill of particulars should not be expanded into a device to circumvent the restrictions on pretrial discovery of specific evidence contained in Fed. The general purposes of a bill of particulars are to inform the defendant of the charges against him with sufficient precision to: (1) enable him to prepare his defense, (2) obviate surprise at trial, and (3) enable him to plead his acquittal or conviction in the case as a bar to subsequent prosecution for the same offense. 7(f) provides, in part, that "he court may direct the filing of a bill of particulars." The decision whether to grant or deny a bill of particulars is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court. Purposes and Requirements of a Bill of Particularsįed. Accordingly, there is no need for a formal bill of particulars in this case and therefore the defendant's Motion should be denied. In addition, this Response voluntarily provides defendant with further details regarding the Indictment. The Indictment in the case and the extensive discovery to be afforded the defendant prior to trial will be sufficient to fully apprise him of the charges pending against him and to enable him to prepare for trial. The United States of America, through its undersigned attorney, hereby responds to Defendant's Motion for Bill of Particulars. UNITED STATES' RESPONSE TO DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR BILL OF PARTICULARS HOUSTON DIVISION UNITED STATES OF AMERICAġ5 U.S.C. For an official signed copy, please contact the Antitrust Documents Group. To view the PDF you will need Acrobat Reader, which may be downloaded from the Adobe site. This document is available in two formats: this web page (for browsing content) and PDF (comparable to original document formatting). She is the youngest girl ever to appear in a Playboy nude pictorial. At 5 years old she was modelling for her mother’s erotic photographs. She is the daughter of the Romanian-French photographer Irina Ionesco. Via instagram 8. Eva Ionesco (at 11 years old she was featured in Playboy) Here is a photo of her now so you can get some reference: She is 20 years old now and has already won the Model of the Year Award at the Front Row Awards and multiple awards since. She began modelling at the tender age of 13. She resembles her famous mother diva and she has already signed as the face of Marc Jacobs Beauty. She is the daughter of Cindy Crawford and Rande Gerber. She did her first shooting at 13 with Storm Management, the agency that also propelled Kate Moss in her career.īeing a sister of a famous actress and model always help boost your career, she is now 24 and looking better than ever. Today, she is already 15 and we could not find new photos of her 6. The magazine was really under fire for over-sexualizing a young girl When she was 9 years old, she appeared on the cover of Haven, dressed in a two-piece vintage circus costume, with her hair teased and holding a light globe. 9-year-old cover girl from Harven magazine She is now 19 years old and we could not find any new photos of her doing modeling work, she might turned into a different profession. She was the youngest model ever to feature in London Fashion Week, in 2006 when she was discovered by iconic fashion designer Zandra Rhodes. There’s a lot on her plate, that’s for sureĪs the years passed by, Momoka is now 18 years old and trying to become an actress while still doing modeling to pay the bills. Since then, she has numerous modeling gigs, while trying to stay up to date with her studies, ballet lessons and her hobbies. Her modelling career began with her appearance at the 48th MFJ Grand Prix, in Japan, in 2016.She was only 12 years old at that time and was looking like a real “race queen”. Today is is already 21 and has grown a lot since she rose to fame, but one thing is for sure, her beauty only got better with age, here’s a picture of how she looks like now: DfT = N - 1, where N is the total number of observations.Ģ. This represents the maximum number of independent pieces of information in the dataset. Total Degrees of Freedom (dfT): The total degrees of freedom in one-way ANOVA is calculated as the total number of observations minus one. In this section, we will discuss the calculation of degrees of freedom in one-way ANOVA.ġ. One-way anova is a statistical technique that is used to compare the means of three or more groups. In ANOVA, degrees of freedom are used to calculate the variability of the data and to determine the statistical significance of the results. By understanding the different types of degrees of freedom and how they are calculated, you can ensure that your statistical analysis is accurate and precise.ĭegrees of freedom (df) is a critical concept in statistics that is used to measure the number of independent pieces of information in a dataset. Degrees of freedom are used to determine the number of independent variables that can be used in a statistical analysis, and they determine the precision of the estimates. Understanding the concept of degrees of freedom is essential for anyone conducting statistical analysis, particularly in ANOVA. Additionally, degrees of freedom are used in hypothesis testing to determine the critical values for the test statistic. The more degrees of freedom that are available, the more precise the estimates will be. For example, if you have 50 observations and five groups, then the within-groups degrees of freedom would be 44.ĭegrees of freedom are important in statistical analysis because they determine the precision of the estimates. In ANOVA, within-groups degrees of freedom are calculated by subtracting the number of groups from the total number of observations and then subtracting one. Within-groups degrees of freedom are used to determine the number of independent variables that are available to estimate the differences within groups. For example, if you have 50 observations and five groups, then the between-groups degrees of freedom would be 45. In ANOVA, between-groups degrees of freedom are calculated by subtracting the number of groups from the total number of observations. For example, if you have 50 observations, then the total degrees of freedom would be 49.īetween-groups degrees of freedom are used to determine the number of independent variables that are available to estimate the differences between groups. The total degrees of freedom in ANOVA is equal to the total number of observations minus one. In ANOVA, degrees of freedom are used to determine the number of independent variables that can be used in a statistical analysis. In simpler terms, degrees of freedom is the number of independent pieces of information that can be used in a statistical analysis. In ANOVA, degrees of freedom are used to determine the number of observations that are free to vary in a statistical analysis. Understanding degrees of freedom can be a bit tricky, but it is essential for anyone conducting statistical analysis.ĭegrees of freedom (df) refers to the number of independent pieces of information that are available to estimate a statistic. It is a fundamental concept that is used to determine the number of independent variables that can be used in a statistical analysis. If you need to, you can adjust the column widths to see all the data.į probability distribution for the terms above.Degrees of freedom is a concept that is widely used in statistical analysis, particularly in ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). For formulas to show results, select them, press F2, and then press Enter. If deg_freedom1 x ), where F is a random variable that has an F distribution with deg_freedom1 and deg_freedom2 degrees of freedom.Ĭopy the example data in the following table, and paste it in cell A1 of a new Excel worksheet. If deg_freedom1 or deg_freedom2 is not an integer, it is truncated. If x is negative, F.DIST.RT returns the #NUM! error value. If any argument is nonnumeric, F.DIST.RT returns the #VALUE! error value. The numerator degrees of freedom.ĭeg_freedom2 Required. The value at which to evaluate the function.ĭeg_freedom1 Required. The F.DIST.RT function syntax has the following arguments: For example, you can examine the test scores of men and women entering high school and determine if the variability in the females is different from that found in the males. You can use this function to determine whether two data sets have different degrees of diversity. Returns the (right-tailed) F probability distribution (degree of diversity) for two data sets. This article describes the formula syntax and usage of the F.DIST.RT function in Microsoft Excel. Familiarizing yourself with the chessboard layout is the first step towards understanding the game. This layout ensures a fair distribution of power and opportunities for both players. The board is set up in such a way that each player has a light-colored square in the bottom right corner. It is divided into ranks (rows) and files (columns), with each square having a unique coordinate based on its rank and file. The chessboard is a square grid consisting of 64 alternating light and dark squares. Get ready to unlock the secrets of chess mastery and embark on an exciting journey towards becoming a true chess grandmaster. Whether you’re a beginner looking to grasp the basics or an experienced player seeking to refine your skills, this guide will provide you with the knowledge and confidence you need to dominate your opponents and make your mark on the chessboard. In this comprehensive guide, we will break down the fundamentals of chess, from the iconic pawn to the mighty queen, and explore the unique abilities and strategic importance of each piece. Welcome to your ultimate resource for learning the ins and outs of the game.Ĭhess is a game of strategy, intellect, and precision, and understanding the names and moves of each chess piece is crucial to your success on the board. Kings can move one vacant square in any direction, including diagonally.Understanding the Chessboard Layout Chess Piece Names and Symbols Chess Piece Moves and Capture Rules Special Moves: Castling, En Passant, and Promotion Strategies and Tactics in Chess Basic Opening Moves and Principles Common Chess Terms and Phrases Chess Notation and Recording MovesĪre you a chess enthusiast looking to take your game to the next level? If so, you’ve come to the right place. Kings - With movements that are much more limited in scope, the King is simultaneously the most valuable and one of the weakest pieces on a chess board.Queens - Queens are thought of as one of the most powerful pieces on the board thanks to their movement capabilities they can move any number of vacant squares in any direction, including diagonally.Bishops - Bishops can move any number of vacant squares diagonally on whichever color that they start out on.They're also permitted to jump over occupied squares so long as it ends in a capture or on a vacant square. Simply put, Knights can move either two spaces in any direction-save for diagonally-and then one space in any cardinal direction or one space in any direction-save diagonally-and then two spaces in any cardinal direction. Knights - Knights' movements are iconic because of their weird patterning they can move in an 'L' shape in a 2-1 or 1-2 fashion.Rooks - Rooks are allowed to move any number of vacant spaces in any direction except for diagonally.In terms of capturing, pawns are permitted to move one space forward diagonally to capture an opponent's piece. Pawns - Aside from the opening move, pawns can only move one space forward per turn.Combine these movements together in a strategic fashion, and you'll be able to dominate the center of the board and win the game: Every chess piece has its own unique set of rules and regulations for what type of movements it's permitted to make. For example, boron from Turkey has a lower relative atomic mass than boron from California, because of its different isotopic composition. The definition deliberately specifies " An atomic weight…", as an element will have different relative atomic masses depending on the source. The IUPAC definition of relative atomic mass is:Īn atomic weight (relative atomic mass) of an element from a specified source is the ratio of the average mass per atom of the element to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of 12C. Here the "unified atomic mass unit" refers to 1⁄ 12 of the mass of an atom of 12C in its ground state. Relative atomic mass (atomic weight) - The ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit. The prevailing IUPAC definitions (as taken from the " Gold Book") are:Ītomic weight - See: relative atomic mass Relative atomic mass is therefore a more general term that can more broadly refer to samples taken from non-terrestrial environments or highly specific terrestrial environments which may differ substantially from Earth-average or reflect different degrees of certainty (e.g., in number of significant figures) than those reflected in standard atomic weights. However, relative atomic mass (atomic weight) is still technically distinct from standard atomic weight because of its application only to the atoms obtained from a single sample it is also not restricted to terrestrial samples, whereas standard atomic weight averages multiple samples but only from terrestrial sources. Relative atomic mass is also frequently used as a synonym for standard atomic weight and these quantities may have overlapping values if the relative atomic mass used is that for an element from Earth under defined conditions. It is a synonym for atomic weight, though it is not to be confused with relative isotopic mass. This quotient also explains the word relative: the sample mass value is considered relative to that of carbon-12. This comparison is the quotient of the two weights, which makes the value dimensionless (having no unit). Relative atomic mass is determined by the average atomic mass, or the weighted mean of the atomic masses of all the atoms of a particular chemical element found in a particular sample, which is then compared to the atomic mass of carbon-12. The term "relative atomic mass" now seems to be replacing "atomic weight" as the preferred term, although the term " standard atomic weight" (as opposed to the more correct " standard relative atomic mass") continues to be used. Still, both terms are officially sanctioned by the IUPAC. Standard atomic weight is nevertheless the most widely published variant of relative atomic mass.Īdditionally, the continued use of the term "atomic weight" (for any element) as opposed to "relative atomic mass" has attracted considerable controversy since at least the 1960s, mainly due to the technical difference between weight and mass in physics. "Atomic weight" is often loosely and incorrectly used as a synonym for standard atomic weight (incorrectly because standard atomic weights are not from a single sample). It is sometimes interpreted as the expected range of the relative atomic mass values for the atoms of a given element from all terrestrial sources, with the various sources being taken from Earth. The more common, and more specific quantity known as standard atomic weight ( A r,standard) is an application of the relative atomic mass values obtained from many different samples. For example, due to a different mixture of stable carbon-12 and carbon-13 isotopes, a sample of elemental carbon from volcanic methane will have a different relative atomic mass than one collected from plant or animal tissues. This quantity can vary significantly between samples because the sample's origin (and therefore its radioactive history or diffusion history) may have produced combinations of isotopic abundances in varying ratios. įor a single given sample, the relative atomic mass of a given element is the weighted arithmetic mean of the masses of the individual atoms (including all its isotopes) that are present in the sample. These definitions remain valid : 134 even after the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units. Since both quantities in the ratio are masses, the resulting value is dimensionless. The atomic mass constant (symbol: m u) is defined as being 1 / 12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Relative atomic mass (symbol: A r sometimes abbreviated RAM or r.a.m.), also known by the deprecated synonym atomic weight, is a dimensionless physical quantity defined as the ratio of the average mass of atoms of a chemical element in a given sample to the atomic mass constant. Find out more about Avira’s commitment to ending stalkerware in this blog. The company has also joined the Coalition Against Stalkerware, which aims to hunt down stalker and tracking software and help protect against domestic abuse. To help you protect your online privacy, Avira offers free spyware protection with its spyware scanner. Often these are harmless apps, like parental monitoring apps, being misused by people wanting to keep tabs on others, like their spouse. By installing spying apps on smartphones without the knowledge and consent of the user, they can monitor internet searches, location history, text messages, photos, videos, voice calls, and more. However, spyware is not only used by government authorities and cyber criminals. NSO Group insists that its products are primarily used by law enforcement for legitimate crime-fighting purposes-and only to collect data from the mobile devices of specific individuals suspected to be involved in serious crime. Many countries worldwide, including Germany, are allegedly using the Pegasus spyware for their own surveillance operations. It helps them keep tabs on critics and anyone potentially seeking to undermine them. For obvious reasons, some authoritarian regimes love spyware. Using this powerful software, several states worldwide have extensively spied on and monitored the Android and iOS devices of journalists, politicians, opposition activists, human rights activists, and their lawyers. Spyware was thrust back into the spotlight after the discovery of Pegasus, the advanced mobile spyware from the Israeli NSO Group. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |